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Although growth rates have been high in Vietnam during the past years, they have not been equally high in different regions among different sub-groups of the country, causing relative poverty to increase. Income disparities are rising, while at the same time the quality and quantity of some social services are declining. Therefore, the economic benefits are often set against the social costs of the adjustment policies. Truong writes regarding this:Vietnam has always been proud of the fact that despite being [one] of the poorest countries in the world, it has an extensive social infrastructure and relatively high rates of access to education and health. But this position is being threatened by fiscal reforms introduced since the beginning of [doi moi].This means that the shift in responsibility of reproduction as well as production from the cooperatives to the household has caused an increased workload for women on the farm and at home. Statistics show that women's visible employment in the agricultural sector is declining. Besides, women working in the industrial sector are moving towards positions that are more labour-intensive, are lower paid and have less security. These developments have created "a constant and rapid turn over of women workers." Truong argues that the lack of sustainable alternatives for these women has given rise to increased poverty and bonded labour, which leads again to other social costs, such as women being driven into prostitution, international trade of sexual slavery and the mail-order-brides market. In a UNICEF report similar concerns are raised:The introduction of an open door policy and a market economy has had both positive and negative results in society and economy. Traditional values may be deteriorating, as families are faced more and more with material desires, which they cannot meet. As a result, child employment and the sale of children for labour (and eventually other forms of exploitation) have been increasingly noticed in Vietnam. The deterioration of so-called traditional values is often mentioned as an important determinant of an increase in trafficking and prostitution in Vietnam. The introduction of a nascent market economy and the broadening relations with other countries are said to stimulate consumerism and promotion of enjoyment, but also a loss of social control and family functioning. However, others reason that the re-emergence of so-called traditional traits -like growing disparities between rich and poor, men and women, but also between different groups in the society- are contributing to practices regarding trafficking and prostitution. In reality, neither the loss of certain values nor the re-emergence of other characteristics can explain completely the issues related to trafficking in Vietnam. Therefore, a careful look at all issues involved will be necessary for a real understanding of the problem.TRAFFICKING IN AND FROM VIETNAMAttention to the problem of trafficking in women and children has increased considerably over the past years. More and more attention has been given to the different routes, motivations and consequences of trafficking. In Vietnam, although the problem has been recognized, little information is available. It is therefore difficult to estimate the number of women and children trafficked every year. However, some clear patterns of movement have been identified.IN-COUNTRY TRAFFICKINGIn-country trafficking within Vietnam is taking place from rural and ethnic areas to urban areas for adoption, forced labour or prostitution. Most documents on the trafficking of women and children in Vietnam have focussed on trafficking for prostitution. Young girls from the poorer rural areas are kidnapped, deceived or brought by their parents to brothels in the big cities. Commercial sex work is practiced in different price-ranges in brothels, mini-hotels, cafe or beer om [cuddle] places or on the street. Some young girls are initiated into commercial sex through the sale of their virginity, which is believed to help the customer remain virile or succeed in business. Also boys have been reported to engage in commercial sex, but they are often working more individually on the street whereas girls are usually working in the more organized commercial sex business.The growth of prostitution is often explained to be a result of the growing numbers of foreigners, and especially sex tourists, visiting Vietnam. However, as Anja Nitzsche notes, the overwhelming majority of customers of prostitutes are local. She asserts that commercial sex work in Vietnam is not only the result of poverty, i.e. women and girls pushed into prostitution because of poverty, but also the consequence of increased wealth. Greater purchasing power resulted in increased local demand for commercial sex work. The economic growth since 1986 has thus provided a large group of new customers for commercial sex workers.
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